Canon of the Old Testament - Revision history

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	The acronym may sometimes be written as it is pronounced: "tanak" or "tanakh."		The acronym may sometimes be written as it is pronounced: "tanak" or "tanakh."

	After Persia was conquered by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Alexander the Great] (~~356â€“323~~ BC), Jewish children growing up in cities outside of the Holy Land tended to speak Greek as their first and most natural language. In the third century BC, probably in Alexandria, Egypt, '''TNK''' was translated into Greek by Jewish rabbis on behalf of Greek-speaking Jews. A legend sprang up that ''70 rabbis'' independently translated '''TNK''' into Greek in one month's time and found that their translations matched word-for-word and letter-for-letter. The meaning of the legend is clear: those who could only read the Scriptures in Greek were reading an edition that was just as good as the Hebrew. Because of the legend of the 70 rabbinic translators, the Greek translation of TNK was called the "'''Septuagint'''" (the Greek word for "70"). "Septuagint" then came to be abbreviated as "'''LXX'''," using the Roman numerals for "70."		After Persia was conquered by [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Alexander the Great] (356-323 BC), Jewish children growing up in cities outside of the Holy Land tended to speak Greek as their first and most natural language. In the third century BC, probably in Alexandria, Egypt, '''TNK''' was translated into Greek by Jewish rabbis on behalf of Greek-speaking Jews. A legend sprang up that ''70 rabbis'' independently translated '''TNK''' into Greek in one month's time and found that their translations matched word-for-word and letter-for-letter. The meaning of the legend is clear: those who could only read the Scriptures in Greek were reading an edition that was just as good as the Hebrew. Because of the legend of the 70 rabbinic translators, the Greek translation of TNK was called the "'''Septuagint'''" (the Greek word for "70"). "Septuagint" then came to be abbreviated as "'''LXX'''," using the Roman numerals for "70."

	Some versions of the legend say that it was 72 rabbis, not 70. Either number can be factored into biblically significant numbers: 6 x 12 vs. 7 x 10.		Some versions of the legend say that it was 72 rabbis, not 70. Either number can be factored into biblically significant numbers: 6 x 12 vs. 7 x 10.

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	\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"		\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
	\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]		\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch — >		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch -->
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC
	\|Prophecy		\|Prophecy
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	\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"		\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
	\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]		\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch — >		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch -->
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC
	\|Prophecy		\|Prophecy

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|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
|- style="background:#FFFBDF"

|34[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
|34[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]

|align="right"|29.2587-539 BC <! — after Baruch — >
|align="right"|29.2587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch — >

|align="right"|432nd BC
|align="right"|432nd BC

|Prophecy
|Prophecy

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|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
|- style="background:#FFFBDF"

|34[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
|34[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]

|align="right"|29.2587-539 BC <! — after Baruch — >
|align="right"|29.2587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch — >

|align="right"|432nd BC
|align="right"|432nd BC

|Prophecy
|Prophecy

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	In the notes below, '''"Exile"''' is a synonym for the time of the [[Babylonian Captivity]] (587-520 BC). '''"Post-exilic"''' therefore means "after the enslaved Jews were set free to return to Judea from Babylon."		In the notes below, '''"Exile"''' is a synonym for the time of the [[Babylonian Captivity]] (587-520 BC). '''"Post-exilic"''' therefore means "after the enslaved Jews were set free to return to Judea from Babylon."

	'''TNK''' is the Jewish acronym for the Hebrew scriptures: Torah, Nebi'im, Kethub'im--Law, Prophets, and Writings.		'''TNK''' is the Jewish acronym for the Hebrew scriptures: Torah, Nebi'im, Kethub'im — Law, Prophets, and Writings.

	'''LXX''' is the name given to the Greek translation and augmentation of TNK done by Jewish rabbis roughly two centuries before the time of Jesus. '''LXX''' is the Roman numeral for "70," and it refers to the legend that seventy Jewish rabbis independently translated TNK into Greek in one month's time, producing 70 manuscripts that were identical in every respect.		'''LXX''' is the name given to the Greek translation and augmentation of TNK done by Jewish rabbis roughly two centuries before the time of Jesus. '''LXX''' is the Roman numeral for "70," and it refers to the legend that seventy Jewish rabbis independently translated TNK into Greek in one month's time, producing 70 manuscripts that were identical in every respect.
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	\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"		\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
	\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]		\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch -->		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <! — after Baruch — >
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC
	\|Prophecy		\|Prophecy
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	\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"		\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"
	\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]		\|<span style="display:none">34</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/daniel/0 Daniel]
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <!-- after Baruch -->		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">29.2</span>587-539 BC <! — after Baruch — >
	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">43</span>2nd BC
	\|Prophecy		\|Prophecy
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	::- 2 Maccabees		::- 2 Maccabees
	::- Baruch		::- Baruch
	::~~--------------~~		:: — — — — — — —
	::- Additions to Esther		::- Additions to Esther
	::- Letter of Jeremiah		::- Letter of Jeremiah

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	* Felix Just, SJ, [http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Heb-Xn-Bibles.htm "Jewish and Christian Bibles: A Comparative Chart."]		* Felix Just, SJ, [http://catholic-resources.org/Bible/Heb-Xn-Bibles.htm "Jewish and Christian Bibles: A Comparative Chart."]
	* [http://catholicdefense.blogspot.com/2012/01/jim-crow-and-protestant-bible.html "Jim Crow and the Protestant Bible."]		* [http://catholicdefense.blogspot.com/2012/01/jim-crow-and-protestant-bible.html "Jim Crow and the Protestant Bible."]
	::: "In other words, beneath the facade of a generally-applicable test, there were really two different tests: a relatively easy one for whites, and a much harder one for blacks. I think we see something similar here. The Books Protestants are used to seeing in their Bibles get a very easy test, while the Deuterocanon is held to a much stricter standard, a standard that much of the Protestant Bible ~~couldnâ€™t~~ meet."		::: "In other words, beneath the facade of a generally-applicable test, there were really two different tests: a relatively easy one for whites, and a much harder one for blacks. I think we see something similar here. The Books Protestants are used to seeing in their Bibles get a very easy test, while the Deuterocanon is held to a much stricter standard, a standard that much of the Protestant Bible couldn't meet."
	* [[Index to NAB online]].		* [[Index to NAB online]].
	* Michael Barber, John Bergsma, Brant Pitre, and John Kincaid: [http://www.thesacredpage.com/2012/02/thoughts-on-churchs-old-testament-canon.html "Thoughts on the Church's Old Testament Canon."]		* Michael Barber, John Bergsma, Brant Pitre, and John Kincaid: [http://www.thesacredpage.com/2012/02/thoughts-on-churchs-old-testament-canon.html "Thoughts on the Church's Old Testament Canon."]

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	The Chronological order in the tables below is approximately by the date of the topical material in the book. The book of Jonah, for example, tells a story that would have taken place in the 8th century BC but almost certainly was composed after the exile.		The Chronological order in the tables below is approximately by the date of the topical material in the book. The book of Jonah, for example, tells a story that would have taken place in the 8th century BC but almost certainly was composed after the exile.

	The Composition order in the tables is only very roughly indicative of when the books (or the material in them) ''might'' have been begun. Scholars disagree endlessly ~~over when~~ composition ~~may have begun~~ and ~~when~~ the ~~final edition may have been completed~~.		The Composition order in the tables is only very roughly indicative of when the books (or the material in them) ''might'' have been begun. Scholars disagree endlessly about how to date the composition and editing of the books.

	In the notes below, '''"Exile"''' is a synonym for the time of the [[Babylonian Captivity]] (587-520 BC). '''"Post-exilic"''' therefore means "after the enslaved Jews were set free to return to Judea from Babylon."		In the notes below, '''"Exile"''' is a synonym for the time of the [[Babylonian Captivity]] (587-520 BC). '''"Post-exilic"''' therefore means "after the enslaved Jews were set free to return to Judea from Babylon."

Mxmsj: /* Prophecy */

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Prophecy

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	== Prophecy ==		== Prophecy ==

	''I've added ~~four~~ history books to this list because they contain important prophetic stories, including the prophetic ministries of Samuel, Nathan, Elijah, and Elisha. The whole of the '''Old Testament''' can be treated as a prophetic tradition, beginning with Abraham's call by God, continuing in the five books of Moses, and coming to a conclusion in the late apocalyptic visions of Daniel.''		''I've added six history books to this list because they contain important prophetic stories, including the prophetic ministries of Joshua, the Judges, Samuel, Nathan, Elijah, and Elisha. The whole of the '''Old Testament''' can be treated as a prophetic tradition, beginning with Abraham's call by God, continuing in the five books of Moses, and coming to a conclusion in the late apocalyptic visions of Daniel.'' In TNK, these six books are considered the "former ['earlier'] prophets."

	In TNK, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets "minor prophets"] formed one book; in the Christian arrangement of the "Old Testament," the prophets are ~~broken up into~~ twelve "books." The arrangement of the minor prophets is roughly chronological. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_prophet "major prophets"] in the Jewish tradition are Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. They are "big books," while the "minor prophets" are short pieces.		In TNK, the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Minor_Prophets "minor prophets"] formed one book; in the Christian arrangement of the "Old Testament," the minor prophets are counted as twelve separate "books." The arrangement of the minor prophets is roughly chronological. The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_prophet "major prophets"] in the Jewish tradition are Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Ezekiel. They are "big books," while the "minor prophets" are short pieces.

	The Christian organization of the "Old Testament" moves Lamentations, Baruch, and Daniel out of the "Ketuvim" (writings) into the prophetic section. Lamentations is also described as one of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Megillot "Five Megillot <nowiki>[</nowiki>"Scrolls"<nowiki>]</nowiki>"], each of which is read on a special occasion during the [[Jewish Liturgical Year\|Jewish liturgical year.]]		The Christian organization of the "Old Testament" moves Lamentations, Baruch, and Daniel out of the "Ketuvim" (writings) into the prophetic section. Lamentations is also described as one of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_Megillot "Five Megillot <nowiki>[</nowiki>"Scrolls"<nowiki>]</nowiki>"], each of which is read on a special occasion during the [[Jewish Liturgical Year\|Jewish liturgical year.]]
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	!Rank		!Rank
	!style="background:#DBF0F7;"\|LXX		!style="background:#DBF0F7;"\|LXX
			\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
			\|<span style="display:none">06</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/deuteronomy/0 Joshua]
			\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">07</span>Judges
			\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">08</span>9th to 6th BC
			\|History
			\|Former prophet
			\|TNK
			\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
			\|<span style="display:none">07</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/judges/0 Judges]
			\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">08</span>Judges
			\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">17</span>7th to 6th BC
			\|History
			\|Former prophet
			\|TNK
	\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"		\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
	\|<span style="display:none">09</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/historical.htm 1 Samuel]		\|<span style="display:none">09</span>[http://www.usccb.org/bible/historical.htm 1 Samuel]

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Prophecy

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	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">09</span> 9th BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">09</span> 9th BC
	\|History		\|History
	\|~~<!-- not a prophetic book -->~~		\|Former prophet
	\|TNK		\|TNK
	\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"		\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
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	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">10</span> 9th BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">10</span> 9th BC
	\|History		\|History
	\|~~<!-- not a prophetic book -->~~		\|Former prophet
	\|TNK		\|TNK
	\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"		\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
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	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">22</span>640 to 609 BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">22</span>640 to 609 BC
	\|History		\|History
	\|~~<!-- not a prophetic book -->~~		\|Former prophet
	\|TNK		\|TNK
	\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"		\|- style="background:#FFEEFF"
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	\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">23</span>640 to 609 BC		\|align="right"\|<span style="display:none">23</span>640 to 609 BC
	\|History		\|History
	\|~~<!-- not a prophetic book -->~~		\|Former prophet
	\|TNK		\|TNK
	\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"		\|- style="background:#FFFBDF"

Mxmsj: /* {{Anchor|TNK}}Rejection of Seven Old Testament books */

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{{Anchor|TNK}}Rejection of Seven Old Testament books

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	\|}		\|}

	== {{Anchor\|TNK}}Rejection of Seven Old Testament ~~books~~ ==		== {{Anchor\|TNK}}Rejection of Seven Old Testament Books ==

	{\|class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse;"		{\|class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse;"

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	'''LXX''' is the name given to the Greek translation and augmentation of TNK done by Jewish rabbis roughly two centuries before the time of Jesus. '''LXX''' is the Roman numeral for "70," and it refers to the legend that seventy Jewish rabbis independently translated TNK into Greek in one month's time, producing 70 manuscripts that were identical in every respect.		'''LXX''' is the name given to the Greek translation and augmentation of TNK done by Jewish rabbis roughly two centuries before the time of Jesus. '''LXX''' is the Roman numeral for "70," and it refers to the legend that seventy Jewish rabbis independently translated TNK into Greek in one month's time, producing 70 manuscripts that were identical in every respect.

			See [[#Rejection_of_Seven_Old_Testament_Books\| "Rejection of Seven Old Testament Books"]] below for more details on the difference between TNK and LXX.

	== The complete canon ==		== The complete canon ==