Carl Sagan's "Baloney Detector Kit." - Revision history

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	4. "Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa" (213).		4. "Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa" (213).

	5. "Special pleading" (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description:		5. "Special pleading" (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description: "Applying standards, principles, and/or rules to other people or circumstances, while making oneself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria, without providing adequate justification. Special pleading is often a result of strong emotional beliefs that interfere with reason.<ref>[https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies/163/Special-Pleading ''Logically Fallacious.'']</ref>

	6. "Begging the question, also called assuming the answer" (213).		6. "Begging the question, also called assuming the answer" (213).

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Errors to be Avoided

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	=== Errors to be Avoided ===		=== Errors to be Avoided ===
	<div style="margin-left:4em">		<div class="hang" style="margin-left:4em">
	1. "Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument" (212).		1. "Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument" (212).

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Sagan's Positive Precepts

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	=== Sagan's Positive Precepts ===		=== Sagan's Positive Precepts ===
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	1. "Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the facts" (210).		1. "Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the facts" (210).

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	Carl Sagan presented a "Baloney Detection Kit" in ~~the first edition of~~ ''The Demon Haunted World.''		Carl Sagan presented a "Baloney Detection Kit" in ''The Demon Haunted World.'' Page numbers below are from the first edition of the book.

	=== Sagan's Positive Precepts ===		=== Sagan's Positive Precepts ===

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	1. ~~'''~~"Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the facts" ~~'''~~(210).		1. "Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the facts" (210).

	2. ~~'''~~"Encourage substantive debate on the evidence by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view" ~~'''~~(210).		2. "Encourage substantive debate on the evidence by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view" (210).

	3. ~~'''~~"Spin more than one hypothesis" ~~'''~~(210).		3. "Spin more than one hypothesis" (210).

	4. ~~'''~~"Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis because it's yours" ~~'''~~(210).		4. "Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis because it's yours" (210).

	5. ~~'''~~"Quantify" ~~'''~~(211).		5. "Quantify" (211).

	6. ~~'''~~"If there's a chain of argument, ''every'' link in the chain must work (including the premise)--not just most of them.~~"'''~~		6. "If there's a chain of argument, ''every'' link in the chain must work (including the premise)--not just most of them" (211).

	7. ~~'''~~"Occam's Razor:~~'''~~ This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data ''equally well'' to choose the simpler" (211).		7. "Occam's Razor: This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data ''equally well'' to choose the simpler" (211).

	8. ~~'''~~"Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified"~~'''~~ (211).		8. "Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified" (211).

	9. ~~'''~~"Control experiments are essential" ~~'''~~(211).		9. "Control experiments are essential" (211).

	10. ~~'''~~"Variables must be separated"~~'''~~ (211).		10. "Variables must be separated" (211).
	</div>		</div>

	=== Errors to be Avoided ===		=== Errors to be Avoided ===
	<div style="margin-left:4em">		<div style="margin-left:4em">
	1. ~~'''~~"Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument"~~'''~~ (212).		1. "Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument" (212).

	2. ~~'''~~"Argument from authority"~~'''~~ (212).		2. "Argument from authority" (212).

	3. ~~'''~~"Argument from adverse consequences" ~~'''~~(212).		3. "Argument from adverse consequences" (212).

	4. ~~'''~~"Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa"~~'''~~ (213).		4. "Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa" (213).

	5. ~~'''~~"Special pleading"~~'''~~ (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description:		5. "Special pleading" (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description:

	6. ~~'''~~"Begging the question~~'''~~, also called assuming the answer" (213).		6. "Begging the question, also called assuming the answer" (213).

	7. "~~'''~~Observational selection~~'''~~, also called the enumeration of favorable circumstances, or as the philosopher Francis Bacon described it, counting the hits and forgetting the misses" (213-14).		7. "Observational selection, also called the enumeration of favorable circumstances, or as the philosopher Francis Bacon described it, counting the hits and forgetting the misses" (213-14).

	8. ~~'''~~"Statistics of small numbers" ~~'''~~(214).		8. "Statistics of small numbers" (214).

	9. ~~'''~~"Misunderstanding the nature of statistics" ~~'''~~(214).		9. "Misunderstanding the nature of statistics" (214).

	10. ~~'''~~"Inconsistency" ~~'''~~(214).		10. "Inconsistency" (214).

	11. ~~'''~~"''Non sequitur''--~~'''~~Latin for 'it doesn't follow'" (214).		11. "''Non sequitur''--Latin for 'it doesn't follow'" (214).

	12. ~~'''~~"''Post hoc, ergo propter hoc"~~'''~~''--''Latin for, 'It happened after, so it was caused by'" (215).		12. "''Post hoc, ergo propter hoc"''--''Latin for, 'It happened after, so it was caused by'" (215).

	13. ~~'''~~"Meaningless question"~~'''~~ (215).		13. "Meaningless question" (215).

	14. ~~'''~~"Excluded middle, or false dichotomy--~~'''~~considering~~''' '''~~only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities" (215).		14. "Excluded middle, or false dichotomy--considering only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities" (215).

	15. ~~'''~~"Short-term vs. long term" ~~'''~~(215).		15. "Short-term vs. long term" (215).

	16. ~~'''~~"Slippery slope"~~'''~~ (215).		16. "Slippery slope" (215).

	17. ~~'''~~"Confusion of correlation and causation"~~'''~~ (215).		17. "Confusion of correlation and causation" (215).

	18. ~~'''~~"Straw man~~'''~~--caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack" (215).		18. "Straw man--caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack" (215).

	19. ~~'''~~"Suppressed evidence, or half-truths"~~'''~~ (216).		19. "Suppressed evidence, or half-truths" (216).

	20. ~~'''~~"Weasel words"~~'''~~ (216).		20. "Weasel words" (216).
	</div>		</div>

Mxmsj: Created page with "Carl Sagan presented a "Baloney Detection Kit" in the first edition of ''The Demon Haunted World.'' === Sagan's Positive Precepts ===
1. '''"Wh..."

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Created page with "Carl Sagan presented a "Baloney Detection Kit" in the first edition of ''The Demon Haunted World.'' === Sagan's Positive Precepts === <div style="margin-left:4em"> 1. '''"Wh..."

New page

Carl Sagan presented a "Baloney Detection Kit" in the first edition of ''The Demon Haunted World.''

=== Sagan's Positive Precepts ===
<div style="margin-left:4em">

1. '''"Wherever possible there must be independent confirmation of the facts" '''(210).

2. '''"Encourage substantive debate on the evidence by knowledgeable proponents of all points of view" '''(210).

3. '''"Spin more than one hypothesis" '''(210).

4. '''"Try not to get overly attached to a hypothesis because it's yours" '''(210).

5. '''"Quantify" '''(211).

6. '''"If there's a chain of argument, ''every'' link in the chain must work (including the premise)--not just most of them."'''

7. '''"Occam's Razor:''' This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data ''equally well'' to choose the simpler" (211).

8. '''"Always ask whether the hypothesis can be, at least in principle, falsified"''' (211).

9. '''"Control experiments are essential" '''(211).

10. '''"Variables must be separated"''' (211).
</div>

=== Errors to be Avoided ===
<div style="margin-left:4em">
1. '''"Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument"''' (212).

2. '''"Argument from authority"''' (212).

3. '''"Argument from adverse consequences" '''(212).

4. '''"Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa"''' (213).

5. '''"Special pleading"''' (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description:

6. '''"Begging the question''', also called assuming the answer" (213).

7. "'''Observational selection''', also called the enumeration of favorable circumstances, or as the philosopher Francis Bacon described it, counting the hits and forgetting the misses" (213-14).

8. '''"Statistics of small numbers" '''(214).

9. '''"Misunderstanding the nature of statistics" '''(214).

10. '''"Inconsistency" '''(214).

11. '''"''Non sequitur''--'''Latin for 'it doesn't follow'" (214).

12. '''"''Post hoc, ergo propter hoc"'''''--''Latin for, 'It happened after, so it was caused by'" (215).

13. '''"Meaningless question"''' (215).

14. '''"Excluded middle, or false dichotomy--'''considering''' '''only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities" (215).

15. '''"Short-term vs. long term" '''(215).

16. '''"Slippery slope"''' (215).

17. '''"Confusion of correlation and causation"''' (215).

18. '''"Straw man'''--caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack" (215).

19. '''"Suppressed evidence, or half-truths"''' (216).

20. '''"Weasel words"''' (216).
</div>

== References ==
<references />

== Links ==
* [[Proving negatives]].

[[Category:Disputed Questions]]
[[Category:Philosophy]]
[[Category:Science]]

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	5. "Quantify" (211).		5. "Quantify" (211).

	6. "If there's a chain of argument, ''every'' link in the chain must work (including the premise)--not just most of them" (211).		6. "If there's a chain of argument, ''every'' link in the chain must work (including the premise) — not just most of them" (211).

	7. "Occam's Razor: This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data ''equally well'' to choose the simpler" (211).		7. "Occam's Razor: This convenient rule-of-thumb urges us when faced with two hypotheses that explain the data ''equally well'' to choose the simpler" (211).
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	=== Errors to be Avoided ===		=== Errors to be Avoided ===
	<div class="hang" style="margin-left:4em">		<div class="hang" style="margin-left:4em">
	1. "Ad hominem--...attacking the arguer and not the argument" (212).		1. "Ad hominem — ...attacking the arguer and not the argument" (212).

	2. "Argument from authority" (212).		2. "Argument from authority" (212).
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	3. "Argument from adverse consequences" (212).		3. "Argument from adverse consequences" (212).

	4. "Appeal to ignorance--the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa" (213).		4. "Appeal to ignorance — the claim that whatever has not been proved false must be true and vice versa" (213).

	5. "Special pleading" (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description: "Applying standards, principles, and/or rules to other people or circumstances, while making oneself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria, without providing adequate justification. Special pleading is often a result of strong emotional beliefs that interfere with reason.<ref>[https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies/163/Special-Pleading ''Logically Fallacious.'']</ref>		5. "Special pleading" (213). Sagan does not define this fallacy. He just gives examples of it. Here is a good description: "Applying standards, principles, and/or rules to other people or circumstances, while making oneself or certain circumstances exempt from the same critical criteria, without providing adequate justification. Special pleading is often a result of strong emotional beliefs that interfere with reason.<ref>[https://www.logicallyfallacious.com/tools/lp/Bo/LogicalFallacies/163/Special-Pleading ''Logically Fallacious.'']</ref>
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	10. "Inconsistency" (214).		10. "Inconsistency" (214).

	11. "''Non sequitur''--Latin for 'it doesn't follow'" (214).		11. "''Non sequitur'' — Latin for 'it doesn't follow'" (214).

	12. "''Post hoc, ergo propter hoc"''--''Latin for, 'It happened after, so it was caused by'" (215).		12. "''Post hoc, ergo propter hoc"'' — ''Latin for, 'It happened after, so it was caused by'" (215).

	13. "Meaningless question" (215).		13. "Meaningless question" (215).

	14. "Excluded middle, or false dichotomy--considering only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities" (215).		14. "Excluded middle, or false dichotomy — considering only the two extremes in a continuum of intermediate possibilities" (215).

	15. "Short-term vs. long term" (215).		15. "Short-term vs. long term" (215).
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	17. "Confusion of correlation and causation" (215).		17. "Confusion of correlation and causation" (215).

	18. "Straw man--caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack" (215).		18. "Straw man — caricaturing a position to make it easier to attack" (215).

	19. "Suppressed evidence, or half-truths" (216).		19. "Suppressed evidence, or half-truths" (216).