History of Christianity - Revision history

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	== Philo ==		== Philo ==

	"Philo of Alexandria (Greek: Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½, PhilÅn; c. 20 BCE ~~â€“~~ 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during the Roman Empire."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo."]</ref>		"Philo of Alexandria (Greek: Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½, PhilÅn; c. 20 BCE - 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during the Roman Empire."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo."]</ref>

	Philo's extensive writings do not mention Jesus. Those that were survive were preserved by the Church. It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus, they would have have been copied and handed on.		Philo's extensive writings do not mention Jesus. Those that were survive were preserved by the Church. It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus, they would have have been copied and handed on.

	== Josephus ==		== Josephus ==
	"Titus Flavius Josephus (37 ~~â€“~~ c. 100),[1] also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: ×™×•×¡×£ ×‘×Ÿ ×ž×ª×ª×™×”×•, Yosef ben Matityahu),[2] was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem - then part of Roman Judea - to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus ''Wikipedia,'' "Flavius Josephus."]</ref>		"Titus Flavius Josephus (37 - c. 100),[1] also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: ×™×•×¡×£ ×‘×Ÿ ×ž×ª×ª×™×”×•, Yosef ben Matityahu),[2] was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem - then part of Roman Judea - to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus ''Wikipedia,'' "Flavius Josephus."]</ref>

	:: And now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator. But the king deprived Joseph of the high priesthood, and bestowed the succession to that dignity on the son of Ananus, who was also himself called Ananus... Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned.<ref> Flavius Josephus: ''Antiquities of the Jews'' Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</ref>		:: And now Caesar, upon hearing the death of Festus, sent Albinus into Judea, as procurator. But the king deprived Joseph of the high priesthood, and bestowed the succession to that dignity on the son of Ananus, who was also himself called Ananus... Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned.<ref> Flavius Josephus: ''Antiquities of the Jews'' Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</ref>

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	:: In the case of those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those who persisted I ordered executed. For I had no doubt that, whatever the nature of their creed, stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others possessed of the same folly; but because they were Roman citizens, I signed an order for them to be transferred to Rome. ...		:: In the case of those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those who persisted I ordered executed. For I had no doubt that, whatever the nature of their creed, stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others possessed of the same folly; but because they were Roman citizens, I signed an order for them to be transferred to Rome. ...

	:: They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.		:: They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food — but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.

	== Tacitus ==		== Tacitus ==

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First-century witnesses

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	~~== First-century witnesses ==~~		== Philo ==

	=== Philo ===

	"Philo of Alexandria (Greek: Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½, PhilÅn; c. 20 BCE â€“ 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during the Roman Empire."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo."]</ref>		"Philo of Alexandria (Greek: Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½, PhilÅn; c. 20 BCE â€“ 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during the Roman Empire."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo."]</ref>
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	Philo's extensive writings do not mention Jesus. Those that were survive were preserved by the Church. It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus, they would have have been copied and handed on.		Philo's extensive writings do not mention Jesus. Those that were survive were preserved by the Church. It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus, they would have have been copied and handed on.

	=== Josephus ===		== Josephus ==
	"Titus Flavius Josephus (37 â€“ c. 100),[1] also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: ×™×•×¡×£ ×‘×Ÿ ×ž×ª×ª×™×”×•, Yosef ben Matityahu),[2] was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem - then part of Roman Judea - to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus ''Wikipedia,'' "Flavius Josephus."]</ref>		"Titus Flavius Josephus (37 â€“ c. 100),[1] also called Joseph ben Matityahu (Biblical Hebrew: ×™×•×¡×£ ×‘×Ÿ ×ž×ª×ª×™×”×•, Yosef ben Matityahu),[2] was a 1st-century Romano-Jewish historian and hagiographer who was born in Jerusalem - then part of Roman Judea - to a father of priestly descent and a mother who claimed royal ancestry."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Josephus ''Wikipedia,'' "Flavius Josephus."]</ref>

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	:: Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.<ref>''Antiquities of the Jews'', Book 18, Chapter 3, 3.</ref>		:: Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.<ref>''Antiquities of the Jews'', Book 18, Chapter 3, 3.</ref>

	=== Pliny the Younger ===		== Pliny the Younger ==

	"Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which P. encounters Christianity for the first time."<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.asp ''Medieval Sourcebook,'' "Pliny on the Christians."]</ref>		"Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which P. encounters Christianity for the first time."<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.asp ''Medieval Sourcebook,'' "Pliny on the Christians."]</ref>
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	:: They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.		:: They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.

	=== Tacitus ===		== Tacitus ==

	"The Roman historian and senator Tacitus referred to Christ, his execution by Pontius Pilate and the existence of early Christians in Rome in his final work, Annals (written ca. AD 116), book 15, chapter 44."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ ''Wikipedia,'' "Tacitus on Christ."]</ref>		"The Roman historian and senator Tacitus referred to Christ, his execution by Pontius Pilate and the existence of early Christians in Rome in his final work, Annals (written ca. AD 116), book 15, chapter 44."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ ''Wikipedia,'' "Tacitus on Christ."]</ref>

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	== First-century witnesses ==		== First-century witnesses ==
	~~=== Pliny the Younger ===~~

	"Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which P. encounters Christianity for the first time."<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.asp ''Medieval Sourcebook,'' "Pliny on the Christians."]</ref>		=== Philo ===

	~~:: In the case~~ of ~~those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have observed the following procedure~~: ~~I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time~~, ~~threatening them with punishment~~; ~~those who persisted I ordered executed~~. ~~For I had no doubt that~~, ~~whatever the nature of their creed~~, ~~stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others possessed of~~ the ~~same folly; but because they were~~ Roman ~~citizens, I signed an order for them to be transferred to Rome~~. ...		"Philo of Alexandria (Greek: Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½, PhilÅn; c. 20 BCE â€“ 50 CE), also called Philo Judaeus, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during the Roman Empire."<ref>[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo."]</ref>

	~~:: They asserted, however,~~ that ~~the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they~~ were ~~accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves~~ by ~~oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so~~. ~~When this was over~~, ~~it was their custom to depart~~ and ~~to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food~~. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.		Philo's extensive writings do not mention Jesus. Those that were survive were preserved by the Church. It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus, they would have have been copied and handed on.

	=== Josephus ===		=== Josephus ===
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	:: Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.<ref>''Antiquities of the Jews'', Book 18, Chapter 3, 3.</ref>		:: Now there was about this time Jesus, a wise man, if it be lawful to call him a man; for he was a doer of wonderful works, a teacher of such men as receive the truth with pleasure. He drew over to him both many of the Jews and many of the Gentiles. He was [the] Christ. And when Pilate, at the suggestion of the principal men amongst us, had condemned him to the cross, those that loved him at the first did not forsake him; for he appeared to them alive again the third day; as the divine prophets had foretold these and ten thousand other wonderful things concerning him. And the tribe of Christians, so named from him, are not extinct at this day.<ref>''Antiquities of the Jews'', Book 18, Chapter 3, 3.</ref>

	=== ~~Philo~~ ===		=== Pliny the Younger ===

			"Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which P. encounters Christianity for the first time."<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.asp ''Medieval Sourcebook,'' "Pliny on the Christians."]</ref>

	~~"Philo~~ of ~~Alexandria (Greek~~: ~~Î¦Î¯Î»Ï‰Î½~~, ~~PhilÅn~~; c. ~~20 BCE â€“ 50 CE)~~, ~~also called Philo Judaeus~~, ~~was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, Egypt during~~ the Roman ~~Empire~~.~~"<ref>[http://en~~.~~wikipedia~~.~~org/wiki/Philo ''Wikipedia,'' "Philo~~.~~"]</ref>~~		:: In the case of those who were denounced to me as Christians, I have observed the following procedure: I interrogated these as to whether they were Christians; those who confessed I interrogated a second and a third time, threatening them with punishment; those who persisted I ordered executed. For I had no doubt that, whatever the nature of their creed, stubbornness and inflexible obstinacy surely deserve to be punished. There were others possessed of the same folly; but because they were Roman citizens, I signed an order for them to be transferred to Rome. ...

	~~Philo's extensive writings~~ do ~~not mention Jesus~~. ~~Those that were survive were preserved~~ by the ~~Church~~. ~~It seems likely that if any had mentioned Jesus~~, ~~they would have have been copied and handed on~~.		:: They asserted, however, that the sum and substance of their fault or error had been that they were accustomed to meet on a fixed day before dawn and sing responsively a hymn to Christ as to a god, and to bind themselves by oath, not to some crime, but not to commit fraud, theft, or adultery, not falsify their trust, nor to refuse to return a trust when called upon to do so. When this was over, it was their custom to depart and to assemble again to partake of food--but ordinary and innocent food. Even this, they affirmed, they had ceased to do after my edict by which, in accordance with your instructions, I had forbidden political associations. Accordingly, I judged it all the more necessary to find out what the truth was by torturing two female slaves who were called deaconesses. But I discovered nothing else but depraved, excessive superstition.

	=== Tacitus ===		=== Tacitus ===

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Tacitus

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	:: Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind.		:: Consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called Christians by the populace. Christus, from whom the name had its origin, suffered the extreme penalty during the reign of Tiberius at the hands of one of our procurators, Pontius Pilatus, and a most mischievous superstition, thus checked for the moment, again broke out not only in Judaea, the first source of the evil, but even in Rome, where all things hideous and shameful from every part of the world find their center and become popular. Accordingly, an arrest was first made of all who pleaded guilty; then, upon their information, an immense multitude was convicted, not so much of the crime of firing the city, as of hatred against mankind.

			== References ==
			<references />

			== Links ==

	[[Category:History]]		[[Category:History]]

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First-century witnesses

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 == First-century witnesses ==
-* Pliny--Roman
+=== Pliny the Younger ===
-* Josephus--Jewish
-* Philo--Jewish
+"Pliny the Younger was governor of Pontus/Bithynia from 111-113 AD. We have a whole set of exchanges of his letters with the emperor Trajan on a variety of administrative political matters. These two letters are the most famous, in which P. encounters Christianity for the first time."<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/pliny1.asp ''Medieval Sourcebook,'' "Pliny on the Christians."]</ref>
 [[Category:History]]

Mxmsj: Created page with "== First-century witnesses == * Pliny--Roman * Josephus--Jewish * Philo--Jewish Category:History"

2012-08-10T13:38:43Z

Created page with "== First-century witnesses == * Pliny--Roman * Josephus--Jewish * Philo--Jewish Category:History"

New page

== First-century witnesses ==
* Pliny--Roman
* Josephus--Jewish
* Philo--Jewish

[[Category:History]]