Psalms

Books of the Psalms

1. Psalms 1 to 41

- Most of these are attributed to David.

- The Divine Name (LORD) is used more often than El or Elohim.

Blessed be the LORD, the God of Israel,

from all eternity and forever.

Amen. Amen. (41:14)

2. Psalms 42 to 72

- 31 psalms.

- 18 attributed to David

- 1 to Solomon (72)

- 8 to sons of Korah

- 5 unattributed

- El or Elohim is used more often than the Divine Name.

Blessed be the Lord God, the God of Israel,

who alone does wonderful deeds.

Blessed be his glorious name forever;

may he fill all the earth with his glory.

Amen and amen. (72:18-19)

3. Psalms 73 to 89

- 17 psalms.

- Most attributed to Asaph.

- Psalm 86 is attributed to David, 88 to Heman the Ezraite, and 89 to Ethan the Ezraite.

- El or Elohim is used more often than the Divine Name.

4. Psalms 90 to 106

- 17 psalms.

- All anonymous except for Psalm 90, attributed to Moses, and Psalms 101 and 103 attributed to David.

- The Divine Name (LORD) is used more often than El or Elohim.

Blessed be the Lord, the God of Israel,

from everlasting to everlasting!

Let all the people say, Amen!

Hallelujah! (1106:48)

5. Psalms 107 to 150

- 44 psalms.

- The Divine Name (LORD) is used more often than El or Elohim.

1. Psalms 1 to 41

Psalm 1

TNK

attributed to:	n/a
date composed:	Second Temple?
date of events:	n/a
genres:	wisdom, torah
comments:	Deliberately composed as a preface to the Psalter?

Psalm 2

TNK

attributed to:	A king of Israel: "I will proclaim the decree of the LORD; he said to me, 'You are my son; today I have begotten you.'"
date composed:	United Kingdom of Israel?
date of events:	On the day of the anointing of a King? Future: when the King of Israel reigns over all kings.
genres:	royal, Messianic
comments:	NAB: "Anointed: in Hebrew mashiah, “anointed”; in Greek christos, whence English Messiah and Christ. In Israel kings (Jgs 9:8; 1 Sm 9:16; 16:12–13) and high priests (Lv 8:12; Nm 3:3) received the power of their office through anointing."

Psalm 3

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	war with Absalom
genres:	lament
comments:	"A psalm of David, when he fled from his son Absalom" (2 Samuel 15:14–16).

Psalm 4

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	individual lament emphasizing trust in God.
comments:	"A psalm of David." "In peace I will lie down and fall asleep, for you alone, LORD, make me secure" (9).

Psalm 5

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 6

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	penitential lament
comments:	"A psalm of David." "For in death there is no remembrance of you. Who praises you in Sheol?" (6). NAB: "A motive for God to preserve the psalmist from death: in the shadowy world of the dead no one offers you praise. Sheol is the biblical term for the underworld where the insubstantial souls of dead human beings dwelt. It was similar to the Hades of Greek and Latin literature. In the second century B.C., biblical books begin to speak positively of life with God after death (Dn 12:1–3; Wis 3)." xref: Isaiah 38:18-19, Psalm 49:14-16. NAB: "The psalmist does not, as in many laments, claim to be innocent but appeals to God’s mercy (Ps 6:5)."

Psalm 7

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during war with Saul?
genres:	individual lament
comments:	"A plaintive song of David, which he sang to the LORD concerning Cush, the Benjaminite." Wikipedia: This Cush is mentioned only in this psalm and "is believed to be a follower of Saul." "God is a just judge, powerful and patient, not exercising anger every day" (12).

Psalm 8

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	David's reign
genres:	creation meditation
comments:	"A psalm of David." "What is man that you are mindful of him, and a son of man that you care for him? Yet you have made him little less than a god, crowned him with glory and honor" (5-6).

Psalm 9

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	NAB: "Ps 9 and Ps 10 in the Hebrew text have been transmitted as separate poems but they actually form a single acrostic poem and are so transmitted in the Greek and Latin tradition. Each verse of the two Psalms begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet (though several letters have no corresponding stanza)."
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 10

TNK

attributed to:	Should be counted as part of Psalm 9, therefore would be attributed to David.
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	NAB fn to Psalm 9: Ps 9 and Ps 10 in the Hebrew text have been transmitted as separate poems but they actually form a single acrostic poem and are so transmitted in the Greek and Latin tradition. Each verse of the two Psalms begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet (though several letters have no corresponding stanza).
comments:

Psalm 11

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	song of trust
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 12

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 13

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	NAB: A typical lament, in which the psalmist feels forgotten by God (Ps 13:2-3). ... The heartfelt prayer (Ps 13:4–5) passes on a statement of trust (Ps 13:6a), intended to reinforce the prayer, and a vow to thank God when deliverance has come (Ps 13:6b).
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 14

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament; wisdom literature?
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 15

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	NAB: "A liturgical scrutiny at the entrance to the Temple court."
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 16

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A miktam of David."

Psalm 17

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	individual lament
comments:	"A prayer of David." "Keep me as the apple of your eye; hide me in the shadow of your wings."

Psalm 18

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	at the end of the war with Saul?
genres:	A royal thanksgiving for a military victory, duplicated in 2 Sm 22.
comments:	"Of David, the servant of the LORD, who sang to the LORD the words of this song after the LORD had rescued him from the clutches of all his enemies and from the hand of Saul" (1 Samuel 24:11–12). I believe the opening statement, "I love you," is rare in the Scriptures. I heard this in one of my Hebrew classes, but have no other source for the claim at the moment.

Psalm 19

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	creation, torah, wisdom (?)
comments:	"A psalm of David." He has pitched in them a tent for the sun; it comes forth like a bridegroom from his canopy, and like a hero joyfully runs its course" (5-6).

Psalm 20

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	for the king
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 21

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	royal, thanksgiving, confidence
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 22

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament, confidence, praise
comments:	"A psalm of David." Applied to Jesus' suffering on the Cross (Mk 15:34, Mt 27:46): "My God, my God, why have you abandoned me?"

Psalm 23

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of David."

Psalm 24

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of David." NAB: The Psalm apparently accompanied a ceremony of the entry of God (invisibly enthroned upon the ark), followed by the people, into the Temple. The Temple commemorated the creation of the world (Ps 24:1–2). The people had to affirm their fidelity before being admitted into the sanctuary (Ps 24:3–6; cf. Ps 15). A choir identifies the approaching God and invites the very Temple gates to bow down in obeisance (Ps 24:7–10).

Psalm 25

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	NAB: A lament. Each verse begins with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. Such acrostic Psalms are often a series of statements only loosely connected. The psalmist mixes ardent pleas (Ps 25:1–2, 16–22) with expressions of confidence in God who forgives and guides. A final verse beginning with the Hebrew letter pe is added to the normal 22-letter alphabet. Thus the letters aleph, lamed, and pe open the first, middle (Ps 25:11), and last lines of the Psalm. Together, they spell aleph, the first letter of the alphabet, from a Hebrew root that means “to learn.”
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 26

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	liturgical--washing before entering the Temple: "I will wash my hands* in innocence so that I may process around your altar, Lord" (6).
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 27

TNK

attributed to:
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"Of David." "One thing I ask of the LORD; this I seek: To dwell in the LORD’s house all the days of my life, To gaze on the LORD’s beauty, to visit his temple" (4). NAB: Tradition has handed down the two sections of the Psalm (Ps 27:1–6; 7–14) as one Psalm, though each part could be understood as complete in itself. Asserting boundless hope that God will bring rescue (Ps 27:1–3), the psalmist longs for the presence of God in the Temple, protection from all enemies (Ps 27:4–6). In part B there is a clear shift in tone (Ps 27:7–12); the climax of the poem comes with “I believe” (Ps 27:13), echoing “I trust” (Ps 27:3).

Psalm 28

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament, thanksgiving
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 29

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of David." "Give to the LORD, you sons of God, give to the LORD glory and might" (1). Thunder: "voice of the LORD." "The LORD sis enthroned above the flood!" (10).

Psalm 30

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:	First or Second Temple period?
date of events:	164 BC: purification of the Temple by the Maccabees.
genres:	individual thanksgiving, adapted for the cleansing of the Second Temple
comments:	"A psalm. A song for the dedication of the Temple. Of David." "What gain is there from my lifeblood, from my going down to the grave? Does dust give you thanks or declare your faithfulness?" (10). "At dusk weeping comes for the night; but at dawn there is rejoicing" (6).

Psalm 31

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament, declaration of trust, thanksgiving
comments:	"A psalm of David." "Into your hands I commend my spirit" (6).

Psalm 32

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during David's reign
genres:	penitential lament; thanksgiving
comments:	Some associate this with David being forgiven for his sins against Uriah (2 Samuel 12:13–14). Nothing in the text confirms or denies that association.

Psalm 33

TNK

attributed to:
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	creation (heavens, waters, earth--verses 6-9)
comments:	"By the LORD’s word the heavens were made; by the breath of his mouth all their host" (6). "For he spoke, and it came to be, commanded, and it stood in place" (9). "A vain hope for safety is the horse" (17).

Psalm 34

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during war with Saul
genres:	NAB: A thanksgiving in acrostic form, each line beginning with a successive letter of the Hebrew alphabet. In this Psalm one letter is missing and two are in reverse order.
comments:	"When he feigned madness before Abimelech [Achish]], who drove him out and he went away" (1 Samuel 21:13).

Psalm 35

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament of a person betrayed by friends
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 36

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	post-exilic?
genres:	wisdom, hymn, lament
comments:	"Of David, the servant of the LORD."

Psalm 37

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	post-exilic?
genres:	acrostic, theodicy
comments:	"Of David."

Psalm 38

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	penitential lament
comments:	"A psalm of David. For remembrance."

Psalm 39

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament of a mortally ill person
comments:	"For the leader, for Jeduthun. A psalm of David." "Turn your gaze from me, that I may smile before I depart to be no more" (14).

Psalm 40

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	thanksgiving (2-13) combined with lament (14-17)
comments:	"A psalm of David." "Sacrifice and offering you do not want; you opened my ears. Holocaust and sin-offering you do not request" (7).

Psalm 41

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	thanksgiving for rescue from illness
comments:	"A psalm of David." "Even my trusted friend, who ate my bread, has raised his heel against me" (10).

2. Psalms 42 to 72

Psalm 42

TNK

attributed to:	The Korahites
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament
comments:	"A maskil of the Korahites." "As the deer longs for streams of water, so my soul longs for you, O God" (42). NAB: Ps 42–43 form a single lament of three sections, each section ending in an identical refrain (Ps 42:6, 12; 43:5). The psalmist is far from Jerusalem, and longs for the divine presence that Israel experienced in the Temple liturgy. Despite sadness, the psalmist hopes once again to join the worshiping crowds. Why are you downcast, my soul; why do you groan within me? Wait for God, for I shall again praise him, my savior and my God.

Psalm 43

TNK

attributed to:	If part of Ps 42, then the Korahites.
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament
comments:	NAB: Ps 42–43 form a single lament of three sections, each section ending in an identical refrain (Ps 42:6, 12; 43:5). Why are you downcast, my soul; why do you groan within me? Wait for God, for I shall again praise him, my savior and my God.

Psalm 44

TNK

attributed to:	the Korahites
date composed:	in exile or post-exilic?
date of events:	586 BC?
genres:	community lament, history
comments:	"A maskil of the Korahites." "Awake! Why do you sleep, O Lord?" (24).

Psalm 45

TNK

attributed to:	the Korahites
date composed:
date of events:	A song for the Davidic king’s marriage to a foreign princess from Tyre in Phoenicia.
genres:	royal, Messianic
comments:	"For the leader; according to 'Lilies.' A maskil of the Korahites. A love song." NAB commentary on verse 7, "O God": the king, in courtly language, is called “god,” i.e., more than human, representing God to the people. Heb 1:8–9 applies Ps 45:7–8 to Christ.

Psalm 46

TNK

attributed to:	the Korahites
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	song of confidence
comments:	"A song of the Korahites. According to alamoth." NAB comment on verse 5: Jerusalem is not situated on a river. This description derives from mythological descriptions of the divine abode and symbolizes the divine presence as the source of all life (cf. Is 33:21; Ez 47:1–12; Jl 4:18; Zec 14:8; Rev 22:1–2). Streams of the river gladden the city of God, the holy dwelling of the Most High. (5) "Be still and know that I am God!" (11)

Psalm 47

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attributed to:
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comments:

Psalm 48

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Psalm 49

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date composed:
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Psalm 50

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:

Psalm 51

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during David's reign
genres:	penitential lament
comments:	"A psalm of David, when Nathan the prophet came to him after he had gone in to Bathsheba" (2 Samuel 12:13–14).

Psalm 52

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during the war with Saul
genres:	NAB: A condemnation of the powerful and arrogant (Ps 52:3–6), who bring down upon themselves God’s judgment (Ps 52:7).
comments:	"A maskil of David, when Doeg the Edomite entered and reported to Saul, saying to him: 'David has entered the house of Ahimelech'"(1 Samuel 22:9).

Psalm 53

TNK

attributed to:
date composed:
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genres:
comments:

Psalm 54

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during the war with Saul
genres:	lament
comments:	"A maskil of David, when the Ziphites came and said to Saul, 'David is hiding among us.'" (1 Samuel 23:19).

Psalm 55

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attributed to:
date composed:
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genres:
comments:

Psalm 56

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during war with Saul
genres:
comments:	"A miktam of David, when the Philistines seized him at Gath" (1 Samuel 21:10). NAB: "Are my tears not stored in your flask?" is a unique saying in the Old Testament. The context suggests that the tears are saved because they are precious; God puts a high value on each of the psalmist’s troubles.

Psalm 57

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during the war with Saul
genres:
comments:	"A miktam of David, when he fled from Saul into a cave" (1 Samuel 24:1).

Psalm 58

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attributed to:
date composed:
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Psalm 59

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during Saul's reign
genres:	lament
comments:	"A miktam of David, when Saul sent people to watch his house and kill him" (1 Sm 19:11).

Psalm 60

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Psalm 61

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Psalm 62

TNK

attributed to:
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"For the leader; ‘al Jeduthun. A psalm of David."

Psalm 63

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:	during war with Absalom
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of David, when he was in the wilderness of Judah" (2 Samuel 16:2).

Psalm 64

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Psalm 65

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Psalm 66

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Psalm 67

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Psalm 68

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Psalm 69

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Psalm 70

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Psalm 71

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Psalm 72

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3. Psalms 73 to 89

Psalm 73

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:

Psalm 74

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:

Psalm 75

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
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Psalm 76

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
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Psalm 77

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"For the leader; According to Jeduthun. A psalm of Asaph."

Psalm 78

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
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Psalm 79

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
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Psalm 80

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Psalm 81

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Psalm 82

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
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Psalm 83

TNK

attributed to:	Asaph
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:

Psalm 84

TNK

attributed to:	A psalm of the Korahites.
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of the Korahites."

Psalm 85

TNK

attributed to:	The Korahites
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	A psalm of the Korahites.

Psalm 86

TNK

attributed to:	David
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:

Psalm 87

TNK

attributed to:	The Korahites
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A psalm of the Korahites. A song."

Psalm 88

TNK

attributed to:	The Korahites (Heman the Ezraite?).
date composed:
date of events:
genres:	lament
comments:	:A song; a psalm of the Korahites. For the leader; according to Mahalath. For singing; a maskil of Heman the Ezrahite."

Psalm 89

TNK

attributed to:	Ethan the Ezrahite
date composed:
date of events:
genres:
comments:	"A maskil of Ethan the Ezrahite."

4. Psalms 90 to 106

Psalm 90

TNK

attributed to:	Moses
date composed:	during or after Exile?
date of events:	Exodus
genres:	communal lament: Seventy is the sum of our years, or eighty, if we are strong; Most of them are toil and sorrow; they pass quickly, and we are gone. (10)
comments:	"A prayer of Moses, the man of God."

Psalm 91

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Psalm 92

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Psalm 93

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Psalm 94

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Psalm 95

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Psalm 96

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Psalm 97

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Psalm 98

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Psalm 99

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Psalm 100

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Psalm 101

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Psalm 102

TNK

attributed to:
date composed:
date of events:	After loss of Northern Kingdom? During or after Exile? "The nations shall fear your name, LORD, all the kings of the earth, your glory, Once the LORD has rebuilt Zion" (16-17).
genres:	penitential lament
comments:	"The prayer of one afflicted and wasting away whose anguish is poured out before the LORD."

Psalm 103

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Psalm 104

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Psalm 105

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Psalm 106

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5. Psalms 107 to 150

Psalm 107

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Psalm 108

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Psalm 109

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Psalm 110

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Psalm 111

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Psalm 112

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Psalm 113

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Psalm 114

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Psalm 115

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Psalm 116

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Psalm 117

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Psalm 118

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Psalm 119

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Psalm 120

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Psalm 121

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Psalm 122

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Psalm 123

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Psalm 124

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Psalm 125

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Psalm 126

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Psalm 127

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Psalm 128

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Psalm 129

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Psalm 130

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genres:	penitential lament, pilgrimage
comments:	* "A song of ascents." "Out of the depths I call to you, LORD" (1)--De profundis. "My soul looks for the Lord more than sentinels for daybreak. More than sentinels for daybreak, let Israel hope in the LORD, For with the LORD is mercy, with him is plenteous redemption, And he will redeem Israel from all its sins" (6-8).

Psalm 131

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Psalm 132

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Psalm 133

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Psalm 134

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Psalm 135

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Psalm 136

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Psalm 137

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Psalm 138

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Psalm 139

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Psalm 140

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Psalm 141

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Psalm 142

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attributed to:	David
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genres:	lament
comments:	"A maskil of David, when he was in the cave. A prayer" (1 Samuel 22:1).

Psalm 143

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attributed to:	David
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genres:	penitential lament
comments:	"A psalm of David." "In your mercy put an end to my foes; all those who are oppressing my soul, for I am your servant" (12).

Psalm 144

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Psalm 145

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Psalm 146

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Psalm 147

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Psalm 148

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Psalm 149

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Psalm 150

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Genres

Penitential Psalms

These seven psalms were identified during the seventh century AD as "suitable to express repentance" (NAB, Ps 6).

• Psalm 6
• Psalm 32
• Psalm 38
• Psalm 51
• Psalm 102
• Psalm 130
• Psalm 143

Hebrew Poetry

Duplication: Zech 9:9.

Acrostics

Rhythm?

Assonance?

Alliteration?

To do?

• Add customary titles to the psalms?