Canon of the New Testament: Difference between revisions

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== The 27 books of the New Testament ==
== Christ's Mass ==


The [[canon]] of the New Testament was not settled until 382-419 AD. Up until then, there were disagreements about which books to include and which to exclude from the official list of books inspired by God.
; [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia,'' "Christmas."]


The first column in this table, the Biblical order of the books, follows the Catholic canon rather than the Lutheran, which puts [[Canon#Attempt_to_Discard_New_Testament_books|Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation]] at the end as apocryphal works.
: The word for Christmas in late Old English is Cristes Maesse, the Mass of Christ, first found in 1038, and Cristes-messe, in 1131. In Dutch it is Kerstmis, in Latin Dies Natalis, whence comes the French Noël, and Italian Il natale; in German Weihnachtsfest, from the preceeding sacred vigil. The term Yule is of disputed origin. It is unconnected with any word meaning "wheel". The name in Anglo-Saxon was geol, feast: geola, the name of a month (cf. Icelandic iol a feast in December).


All of the other columns are illustrative, not definitive.  The Church has no dogmatic teachings on the date, author, or genre of the books of the New Testament; scholars disagree on these things. The more you learn about [[Biblical criticism]], the more you may enter into these debates, if you wish to do so. I have followed the ''Jerome Biblical Commentary'' and the ''New American Bible'' in constructing this table, for the most part.
; [http://www.wordnik.com/words/mass ''Wordnik,'' "Mass--Definition and Meaning."]


{|class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
: Other English words formed the same way:
|- style="background:#EFEFEF"
 
!Biblical order
{|{{Sortable}}
!Date
|-
!Author
!date
!Genre
!name
|- style="background:#EDEDED"
!feast
|align="center" colspan="5"|<span style="display:none">00</span>Click on the [[File:Sort none.gif]] sort symbols above to sort the table by the values in that column.
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| <span style="display:none">01</span>2 Feb
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">01</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/matthew/intro.htm '''Matthew''']
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple Candlemas]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">13</span>70s to 80s
| Presentation (40 days after Christmas)
|<span style="display:none">23</span> Jewish scribe?
|-
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">17</span>Gospel
| <span style="display:none">02</span>29 Sep
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas Michelmas:]
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">02</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/mark/intro.htm '''Mark''']
| Michael the Archangel
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">08</span>60s
|-
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">15</span> disciple of Peter?
| <span style="display:none">03</span>28 Dec
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">16</span>Gospel
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents Childermas]
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Holy Innocents
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">03</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/luke/intro.htm '''Luke''' = ''Luke vol. 1'']
|-
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">14</span>70s to 80s
| <span style="display:none">04</span>1 Aug
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">24</span> Syrian Gentile
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas Lammas]
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">18</span>Gospel
| Loaf-Mass Day--festival of the wheat harvest.
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">04</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/john/intro.htm '''John''']
| <span style="display:none">05</span>11 Nov
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">20</span>90-100
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinmas Martinmas]
|<span style="display:none">26</span> The Beloved Disciple
|
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">20</span>Gospel
Martin of Tours; end of autumn wheat seeding.<br>
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
Beginning of 40-day fast in preparation for Christmas.<br>
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">05</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/acts/intro.htm Acts = ''Luke vol. 2'']
St. Martin's Eve was a festival like Mardi Gras, Fat Tuesday.
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">15</span>after Luke
|-
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">25</span> author of Luke
| <span style="display:none">06</span>15 Aug
|style="background:#FFCCAA"|<span style="display:none">19</span>History
| [http://www.medadvocates.org/holy_mole/aug/aug_15.htm Marymas]
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Assumption
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/romans/intro.htm Romans]
|-
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">06</span>57-58
| <span style="display:none">07</span>3 May
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span> Paul
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodmas Roodmas]
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span>Epistle
|
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
Cross Mass<br>
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1corinthians/intro.htm 1 Corinthians]
"Rood" is an Old English word for "cross."<br>
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">04</span>54-57
Finding of the True Cross by St. Helena.<br>
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">04</span> Paul
Now celebrated on 14 September as Triumph of the Cross.
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">04</span>Epistle
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|<span style="display:none">08</span>
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">08</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2corinthians/intro.htm 2 Corinthians]
| Brendanmas
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">05</span>54-55
| A local celebration in the Buffalo, NY, area. Not yet known to the larger Church.
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">05</span> Paul
|}
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">05</span>Epistle
 
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
 
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">09</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/galatians/intro.htm Galatians]
"Christmas" is a uniquely English word for the celebration of the Nativity of Our Lord. Other languages refer to the feast differently:
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">02</span>54
 
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">02</span> Paul
[http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/french/view/how-to-say-happy-christmas-in-20-languages/ "How to Say 'Happy Christmas' in Twenty Languages]
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">02</span>Epistle
 
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
:{| {{Prettytable}}
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">10</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/ephesians/intro.htm Ephesians]
|-
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">17</span>after Colossians
| French
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">10</span> not Paul?
| Noël
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">23</span>Treatise?
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Spanish
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">11</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/philippians/intro.htm Philippians]
| Navidad
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">03</span>54-58
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">03</span> Paul
| German
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">03</span>Epistle
| Weihnachten
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">12</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/colossians/intro.htm Colossians]
| Italian
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">16</span>70-80
| Natale
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">09</span> not Paul?
|-
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">22</span>Treatise?
| Greek
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Christougena
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">13</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1thessalonians/intro.htm 1 Thessalonians]
|-
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">01</span>50-51
| Czech
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">01</span> Paul
| Vánoce
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">01</span>Epistle
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Polish
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">14</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2thessalonians/intro.htm 2 Thessalonians]
| Narodzenia
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">18</span>51-100?
|-
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">08</span> not Paul?
| Swedish
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">09</span>Epistle?
| Jul
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">15</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1timothy/intro.htm 1 Timothy]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">26</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">12</span> Author of Titus
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">25</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">16</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2timothy/intro.htm 2 Timothy]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">27</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">13</span> Author of Titus
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">26</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">17</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/titus/intro.htm Titus]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">25</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">11</span>not Paul
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">24</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">18</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/philemon/philemon.htm Philemon]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">07</span>56-63
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span> Paul
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">19</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/hebrews/intro.htm Hebrews]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">10</span>before 70?
|<span style="display:none">14</span> Jewish Christian?
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">21</span>Treatise
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">20</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/james/intro.htm James]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">19</span>60s to 90s?
|<span style="display:none">17</span> James of Jerusalem
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">10</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">21</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1peter/intro.htm 1 Peter]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">09</span>65?
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">16</span> disciple of Peter?
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">08</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">22</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2peter/intro.htm 2 Peter]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">29</span>after Jude
|<span style="display:none">22</span> Not Peter
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">15</span>Epistle?
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">23</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1john/intro.htm 1 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">22</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">18</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">11</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">24</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2john/2john.htm 2 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">23</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">19</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">12</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">25</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/3john/3john.htm 3 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">24</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">20</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">13</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">26</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/jude/jude.htm Jude]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">28</span>circa 100
|<span style="display:none">21</span> Not the apostle Jude
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">14</span>Epistle?
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/revelation/intro.htm Revelation]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">21</span>95-96
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span>Apocalypse
|}
|}


Revision as of 18:13, 26 December 2011

Christ's Mass

Catholic Encyclopedia, "Christmas."
The word for Christmas in late Old English is Cristes Maesse, the Mass of Christ, first found in 1038, and Cristes-messe, in 1131. In Dutch it is Kerstmis, in Latin Dies Natalis, whence comes the French Noël, and Italian Il natale; in German Weihnachtsfest, from the preceeding sacred vigil. The term Yule is of disputed origin. It is unconnected with any word meaning "wheel". The name in Anglo-Saxon was geol, feast: geola, the name of a month (cf. Icelandic iol a feast in December).
Wordnik, "Mass--Definition and Meaning."
Other English words formed the same way:
date name feast
012 Feb Candlemas Presentation (40 days after Christmas)
0229 Sep Michelmas: Michael the Archangel
0328 Dec Childermas Holy Innocents
041 Aug Lammas Loaf-Mass Day--festival of the wheat harvest.
0511 Nov Martinmas

Martin of Tours; end of autumn wheat seeding.
Beginning of 40-day fast in preparation for Christmas.
St. Martin's Eve was a festival like Mardi Gras, Fat Tuesday.

0615 Aug Marymas Assumption
073 May Roodmas

Cross Mass
"Rood" is an Old English word for "cross."
Finding of the True Cross by St. Helena.
Now celebrated on 14 September as Triumph of the Cross.

08 Brendanmas A local celebration in the Buffalo, NY, area. Not yet known to the larger Church.


"Christmas" is a uniquely English word for the celebration of the Nativity of Our Lord. Other languages refer to the feast differently:

"How to Say 'Happy Christmas' in Twenty Languages

French Noël
Spanish Navidad
German Weihnachten
Italian Natale
Greek Christougena
Czech Vánoce
Polish Narodzenia
Swedish Jul

Development of the Canon of the New Testament

Early controversies

  • imitations
  • counterfeits
  • later writings

Sequence of decrees

In 382 AD, Pope Damasus and the Council of Rome (a local, not worldwide or ecumenical council) listed the books of the Old and New Testament exactly as they appear in today's Catholic bibles. This decision was reaffirmed four times over the next forty years and again in two ecumenical councils of the Church.

date authority
382 Council of Rome under Pope Damasus
393 Council of Hippo
397 Council of Carthage
405 Pope Clement I
419 Carthage
1442 Ecumenical Council of Florence
1546 Ecumenical Council of Trent

Luther's Attempt to Discard New Testament books

Luther treated four books of the New Testament as apocryphal (not inspired by God):

  • Hebrews
  • James
  • Jude
  • Revelation

These books were placed at the end of the New Testament, lacked page numbers, and did not appear in the index. This is exactly how Luther denigrated the seven extra books of the Septuagint. Luther's rejection of the Septuagint material caught on with most Protestants; his rejection of the four New Testament books did not.

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