Canon of the New Testament: Difference between revisions

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== Christ's Mass ==
== The 27 books of the New Testament ==


; [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03724b.htm ''Catholic Encyclopedia,'' "Christmas."]
The [[canon]] of the New Testament was not settled until 382-419 AD. Up until then, there were disagreements about which books to include and which to exclude from the official list of books inspired by God.


: The word for Christmas in late Old English is Cristes Maesse, the Mass of Christ, first found in 1038, and Cristes-messe, in 1131. In Dutch it is Kerstmis, in Latin Dies Natalis, whence comes the French Noël, and Italian Il natale; in German Weihnachtsfest, from the preceeding sacred vigil. The term Yule is of disputed origin. It is unconnected with any word meaning "wheel". The name in Anglo-Saxon was geol, feast: geola, the name of a month (cf. Icelandic iol a feast in December).
The first column in this table, the Biblical order of the books, follows the Catholic canon rather than the Lutheran, which puts [[Canon#Attempt_to_Discard_New_Testament_books|Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation]] at the end as apocryphal works.


; [http://www.wordnik.com/words/mass ''Wordnik,'' "Mass--Definition and Meaning."]
All of the other columns are illustrative, not definitive.  The Church has no dogmatic teachings on the date, author, or genre of the books of the New Testament; scholars disagree on these things.  The more you learn about [[Biblical criticism]], the more you may enter into these debates, if you wish to do so. I have followed the ''Jerome Biblical Commentary'' and the ''New American Bible'' in constructing this table, for the most part.


: Other English words formed the same way:  
{|class="sortable" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse;"
 
|- style="background:#EFEFEF"
{|{{Sortable}}
!Biblical order
|-
!Date
!date
!Author
!name
!Genre
!feast
|- style="background:#EDEDED"
|-
|align="center" colspan="5"|<span style="display:none">00</span>Click on the [[File:Sort none.gif]] sort symbols above to sort the table by the values in that column.
| <span style="display:none">01</span>2 Feb
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple Candlemas]
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">01</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/matthew/intro.htm '''Matthew''']
| Presentation (40 days after Christmas)
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">13</span>70s to 80s
|-
|<span style="display:none">23</span> Jewish scribe?
| <span style="display:none">02</span>29 Sep
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">17</span>Gospel
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelmas Michelmas:]
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Michael the Archangel
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">02</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/mark/intro.htm '''Mark''']
|-
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">08</span>60s
| <span style="display:none">03</span>28 Dec
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">15</span> disciple of Peter?
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents Childermas]
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">16</span>Gospel
| Holy Innocents
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">03</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/luke/intro.htm '''Luke''' = ''Luke vol. 1'']
| <span style="display:none">04</span>1 Aug
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">14</span>70s to 80s
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas Lammas]
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">24</span> Syrian Gentile
| Loaf-Mass Day--festival of the wheat harvest.
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">18</span>Gospel
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| <span style="display:none">05</span>11 Nov
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">04</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/john/intro.htm '''John''']
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinmas Martinmas]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">20</span>90-100
|
|<span style="display:none">26</span> The Beloved Disciple
Martin of Tours; end of autumn wheat seeding.<br>
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">20</span>Gospel
Beginning of 40-day fast in preparation for Christmas.<br>
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
St. Martin's Eve was a festival like Mardi Gras, Fat Tuesday.
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">05</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/acts/intro.htm Acts = ''Luke vol. 2'']
|-
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">15</span>after Luke
| <span style="display:none">06</span>15 Aug
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">25</span> author of Luke
| [http://www.medadvocates.org/holy_mole/aug/aug_15.htm Marymas]
|style="background:#FFCCAA"|<span style="display:none">19</span>History
| Assumption
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/romans/intro.htm Romans]
| <span style="display:none">07</span>3 May
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">06</span>57-58
| [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roodmas Roodmas]
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span> Paul
|
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">06</span>Epistle
Cross Mass<br>
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
"Rood" is an Old English word for "cross."<br>
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1corinthians/intro.htm 1 Corinthians]
Finding of the True Cross by St. Helena.<br>
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">04</span>54-57
Now celebrated on 14 September as Triumph of the Cross.
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">04</span> Paul
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">04</span>Epistle
|<span style="display:none">08</span>
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Brendanmas
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">08</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2corinthians/intro.htm 2 Corinthians]
| A local celebration in the Buffalo, NY, area. Not yet known to the larger Church.
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">05</span>54-55
|}
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">05</span> Paul
 
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">05</span>Epistle
 
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
"Christmas" is a uniquely English word for the celebration of the Nativity of Our Lord. Other languages refer to the feast differently:
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">09</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/galatians/intro.htm Galatians]
 
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">02</span>54
[http://www.cactuslanguagetraining.com/us/french/view/how-to-say-happy-christmas-in-20-languages/ "How to Say 'Happy Christmas' in Twenty Languages]
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">02</span> Paul
 
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">02</span>Epistle
:{| {{Prettytable}}
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">10</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/ephesians/intro.htm Ephesians]
| French
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">17</span>after Colossians
| Noël
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">10</span> not Paul?
|-
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">23</span>Treatise?
| Spanish
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Navidad
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">11</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/philippians/intro.htm Philippians]
|-
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">03</span>54-58
| German
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">03</span> Paul
| Weihnachten
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">03</span>Epistle
|-
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Italian
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">12</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/colossians/intro.htm Colossians]
| Natale
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">16</span>70-80
|-
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">09</span> not Paul?
| Greek
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">22</span>Treatise?
| Christougena
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">13</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1thessalonians/intro.htm 1 Thessalonians]
| Czech
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">01</span>50-51
| Vánoce
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">01</span> Paul
|-
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">01</span>Epistle
| Polish
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
| Narodzenia
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">14</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2thessalonians/intro.htm 2 Thessalonians]
|-
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">18</span>51-100?
| Swedish
|style="background:#F0FFFF"|<span style="display:none">08</span> not Paul?
| Jul
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">09</span>Epistle?
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">15</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1timothy/intro.htm 1 Timothy]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">26</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">12</span> Author of Titus
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">25</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">16</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2timothy/intro.htm 2 Timothy]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">27</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">13</span> Author of Titus
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">26</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">17</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/titus/intro.htm Titus]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">25</span>circa 100
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">11</span>not Paul
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">24</span>Pastoral epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">18</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/philemon/philemon.htm Philemon]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">07</span>56-63
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span> Paul
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">07</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">19</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/hebrews/intro.htm Hebrews]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">10</span>before 70?
|<span style="display:none">14</span> Jewish Christian?
|style="background:#FCFCFC"|<span style="display:none">21</span>Treatise
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">20</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/james/intro.htm James]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">19</span>60s to 90s?
|<span style="display:none">17</span> James of Jerusalem
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">10</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">21</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1peter/intro.htm 1 Peter]
|style="background:#AACCFF" align="right"|<span style="display:none">09</span>65?
|style="background:#FFF4F4"|<span style="display:none">16</span> disciple of Peter?
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">08</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">22</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2peter/intro.htm 2 Peter]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">29</span>after Jude
|<span style="display:none">22</span> Not Peter
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">15</span>Epistle?
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">23</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/1john/intro.htm 1 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">22</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">18</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">11</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">24</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/2john/2john.htm 2 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">23</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">19</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">12</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">25</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/3john/3john.htm 3 John]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">24</span>circa 100
|style="background:#FEFEFE"|<span style="display:none">20</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">13</span>Epistle
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#DDFFDD"|<span style="display:none">26</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/jude/jude.htm Jude]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">28</span>circa 100
|<span style="display:none">21</span> Not the apostle Jude
|style="background:#FFFFF0"|<span style="display:none">14</span>Epistle?
|- style="background:#F4F4F4"
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span>[http://www.usccb.org/nab/bible/revelation/intro.htm Revelation]
|style="background:#FFCCAA" align="right"|<span style="display:none">21</span>95-96
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span> Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple
|style="background:#FF6666"|<span style="display:none">27</span>Apocalypse
|}
|}


Revision as of 18:58, 3 January 2012

The 27 books of the New Testament

The canon of the New Testament was not settled until 382-419 AD. Up until then, there were disagreements about which books to include and which to exclude from the official list of books inspired by God.

The first column in this table, the Biblical order of the books, follows the Catholic canon rather than the Lutheran, which puts Hebrews, James, Jude, and Revelation at the end as apocryphal works.

All of the other columns are illustrative, not definitive. The Church has no dogmatic teachings on the date, author, or genre of the books of the New Testament; scholars disagree on these things. The more you learn about Biblical criticism, the more you may enter into these debates, if you wish to do so. I have followed the Jerome Biblical Commentary and the New American Bible in constructing this table, for the most part.

Biblical order Date Author Genre
00Click on the sort symbols above to sort the table by the values in that column.
01Matthew 1370s to 80s 23 Jewish scribe? 17Gospel
02Mark 0860s 15 disciple of Peter? 16Gospel
03Luke = Luke vol. 1 1470s to 80s 24 Syrian Gentile 18Gospel
04John 2090-100 26 The Beloved Disciple 20Gospel
05Acts = Luke vol. 2 15after Luke 25 author of Luke 19History
06Romans 0657-58 06 Paul 06Epistle
071 Corinthians 0454-57 04 Paul 04Epistle
082 Corinthians 0554-55 05 Paul 05Epistle
09Galatians 0254 02 Paul 02Epistle
10Ephesians 17after Colossians 10 not Paul? 23Treatise?
11Philippians 0354-58 03 Paul 03Epistle
12Colossians 1670-80 09 not Paul? 22Treatise?
131 Thessalonians 0150-51 01 Paul 01Epistle
142 Thessalonians 1851-100? 08 not Paul? 09Epistle?
151 Timothy 26circa 100 12 Author of Titus 25Pastoral epistle
162 Timothy 27circa 100 13 Author of Titus 26Pastoral epistle
17Titus 25circa 100 11not Paul 24Pastoral epistle
18Philemon 0756-63 07 Paul 07Epistle
19Hebrews 10before 70? 14 Jewish Christian? 21Treatise
20James 1960s to 90s? 17 James of Jerusalem 10Epistle
211 Peter 0965? 16 disciple of Peter? 08Epistle
222 Peter 29after Jude 22 Not Peter 15Epistle?
231 John 22circa 100 18 Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple 11Epistle
242 John 23circa 100 19 Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple 12Epistle
253 John 24circa 100 20 Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple 13Epistle
26Jude 28circa 100 21 Not the apostle Jude 14Epistle?
27Revelation 2195-96 27 Not John the Apostle or Beloved Disciple 27Apocalypse

Development of the Canon of the New Testament

Early controversies

  • imitations
  • counterfeits
  • later writings

Sequence of decrees

In 382 AD, Pope Damasus and the Council of Rome (a local, not worldwide or ecumenical council) listed the books of the Old and New Testament exactly as they appear in today's Catholic bibles. This decision was reaffirmed four times over the next forty years and again in two ecumenical councils of the Church.

date authority
382 Council of Rome under Pope Damasus
393 Council of Hippo
397 Council of Carthage
405 Pope Clement I
419 Carthage
1442 Ecumenical Council of Florence
1546 Ecumenical Council of Trent

Luther's Attempt to Discard New Testament books

Luther treated four books of the New Testament as apocryphal (not inspired by God):

  • Hebrews
  • James
  • Jude
  • Revelation

These books were placed at the end of the New Testament, lacked page numbers, and did not appear in the index. This is exactly how Luther denigrated the seven extra books of the Septuagint. Luther's rejection of the Septuagint material caught on with most Protestants; his rejection of the four New Testament books did not.

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